College Pressure On College Students - 941 Words

Enwerem O. Collins Professor Patricia McEvoy-Jamil English 1301 30 June 2015 Understanding College Pressure In the United States today, Colleges are made up of individuals, both the young and the old from different works of life, who come from different backgrounds. They have different religious belief, morals, and attitudes; this make them see problems differently. They come together with a single purpose which is to learn. Some people think College is all about a society of students having fun, or living a carefree life, but majority of the students face so much pressure of rushing to meet deadlines and cramming for exams and so many more. There are three categories of College Pressure working on College students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, and peer pressure. First of all, you might want to ask why economic pressures is one of the pressures College students go through. The answer is as simple as what society do College students live in. Do they live in a society where much of academic excellence are not demanded, or do they liv e in a society where transcripts has become very important. In the United States today, employers are looking for the best A’s in a transcript-I mean the best of best in students. This alone puts pressure on college students. This put College students in pressure just to get the A’s rather than concentrating on the skills and knowledge they have to learn. However, a student living in a country where prices keep going up-Show MoreRelatedThe Pressure Of College Students914 Words   |  4 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pressure is like a emotional virus that constantly challenges a person through life.   College students are imposed with numerous pressures. In college there are multiple rises and falls for students; therefore, college students often struggle striving for success. College students have aspirations of achieving their dreams and to obtain a enjoyable career. Collegiants are challenged with multiple strains including academic pressure, financial pressure, peer pressure and these pressures determineRead MoreThe Pressure Of College Students1618 Words   |  7 Pagesnumber one is a must. This pressure can come from family members, friends, and even society. With this ingrained in their minds, the pressure â€Å"we have to be better than everyone† is overwhelming. But what does it really take to be the best? In college it means doing all your work, pulling all nighters and sometimes seeking dangerous alternatives, such as drugs, disregarding the effects that they can have in the long run. College students today may feel an overwhelming pressure of earning a degree becauseRead MoreThe Pressures Faced by College Students886 Words   |  4 PagesIn college campuses across the USA, college students are facing an abundance of pressure. They juggle family stress to, college stress, to peer stress, students are constantly pulled into a never ending cycle of stress. Constantly pursuing their education to do whatever is necessary for them to graduate from college. Today’s generation of teenagers/young adults, and older generation of people, face alike challenges that are dramatically different from the before. Today we have an abundance of sophisticatedRead MoreFinancial Pressure of College Student2923 Words   |  12 PagesUM Tagum College Arellano St., Tagum City Financial Pressure of a College Student In partial Fulfillment of The Requirements in English 201 Joel Ben Borres Ruel B. De Gracia Lisette Jean P. Hingpit Introduction Background of the Study Filipinos hold close several values. One of them is education. We have complete faith in formal schooling as we have the notion that to be educated is to have a better life. Education is regarded as a gateway to improving our social and economic status.Read MoreThe Role Of Peer Pressure On College Students1235 Words   |  5 PagesThe college culture praises unhealthy behaviors, such as binge drinking and the use of drugs such as marijuana, for us immature and still developing young adults. A popular reason for why college students partake in this extremely unhealthy behavior is the phenomenon we have been taught in schools and experienced all our lives: peer pressure. Authors, Nancy P. Barnett, Miles Q. Ott, Michelle L. Rogers, Michelle Loxley, Crystal Linkletter, and Melissa A. Clark, of the article, â€Å"Peer AssociationsRead MoreResearch Paper on the Effects of Time Pressure and Performance Pressure on the Ability to Solve Anagrams for College Students.2197 Words   |à ‚  9 PagesRunning Head: EFFECTS OF PRESSURE ON PERFORMANCE The Effects of Time Pressure and Performance Pressure on the Ability to Solve Anagrams in College Students. Abstract Anxiety and stress have been demonstrated to affect test performance and cognitive performance. Previous research has suggested that anxiety interferes with test performance by means of cognitive interference. Often, especially in individuals with high levels of test anxiety, stress leads to anxiety which leads to inattention, self-absorptionRead MoreCollege Pressures By William Zinsser939 Words   |  4 PagesIn â€Å" College Pressures,† William Zinsser discusses four types of pressures college students go through. Even though he wrote this in 1978, college students today still experience all four of the pressures. The four pressures Zinsser discusses are economic, parental, peer, and self-induced. Today’s college students are becoming more and more disconnected with their passions and are being thrown into the world of practicality. College should be a place of experimentation and discovery, but insteadRead MoreCollege Pressures By William Zinsser1346 Words   |à ‚  6 PagesStudents Facing Obstacle During College Life During the college life students have to deal with different types of obstacles. In the article, â€Å"College Pressures† William Zinsser focuses on the pressure faced by the college students. He talks about how the students are dealing with economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. College students are worried about getting high paid jobs and being rich instead of relaxing and enjoying now. Zinsser claims that studentsRead MoreToo Much Pressure On American Teenagers1049 Words   |  5 PagesMuch Pressure on American Teenagers to Go to College Everyday American teenagers are being pressured on graduating high school and going directly to college. Parents and counselors have such high expectations for teens that the students are unable to focus on going to college. Teenagers face many factors that cause pressure to go to college: worries about keeping up, fear of failure, feeling of stress and anxiety, social pressures academic pressure, human influences, the economy, and college itselfRead MoreEssay on Is College Worth our Time and Effort?874 Words   |  4 Pagesearned a college degree to get their high-level job that requires years of learning and preparation to acquire, such as a doctor or a programmer. With colleges, students have a means of landing that dream job of theirs or maybe discover that they had a passion for a different kind of career instead. Although, many students have to endure years of stress and pressure in college before they can get their degree or figure out what they want to do for a living. In William Zinsser’s essay, â€Å"College Pressures

Managing Diversity in the Classroom - 2069 Words

Managing Diversity in the Classroom Introduction In a regular classroom, there is a wide range of diversity of students. They are different in gender, culture, social class and learning ability. Some students may have learning difficulty or disability. When they receive education in school, it is necessary to adopt special education strategies. In this essay, I am going to suggest some educational skills and strategies for managing and teaching students with dyslexia in Mathematics lessons. Dyslexia Dyslexia is a common type of specific learning difficulty. For Chinese speakers in Hong Kong, there is around 10% of the population who has dyslexia. Students with dyslexia may have disorders in language, memory or thinking. They may be†¦show more content†¦Using different senses to learn at the same time is an efficient way to learn, especially beneficial to students with learning disability. The teacher can design and prepare a variety of activities which involve seeing, hearing, speaking, touching and writing to maximize students’ potential in learning. When planning lesson, the teacher should determine the students’ own strengths. Although dyslexic students have disabilities in several ways, they can be familiar with some of the other aspects. The teacher can try to find their strengths and teach those strengths. Therefore, the students can have the chance to experience a sense of achievement in their learning process, which enhance their self-esteem. It is unavoidable that even students with disability also have to take tests and exams in school. Although it may be a hard job for dyslexic students, teachers and schools can make appropriate modification to allow those students to show what they have learnt. (Sousa, 2005) First of all, when designing the test papers, the teacher should use proper type font which can easily be read. The key words in the test papers should be in boldface and enough space for writing should be provided. Then the instruction of the questions should be concise and clear. If it is allowable, use visual aids in the questions as those students often have strong visual-spatial skills. Those students are weak at writing and reading so if it is appropriate,Show MoreRelatedPractical Behavior Management Techniques At The Small Village School Of Kipnuk835 Words   |  4 Pagesis it essential to consider the cultural and linguistic diversity of our classroom? What are some ways educators can become more cultural ly competent? What should be considered when managing the behavior of culturally and linguistically diverse learners? What should be avoided? How can the information presented in this article be applied to my own classroom? It is essential to consider the cultural and linguistic diversity of a classroom because the differences in culture can cause a miscommunicationRead MoreTeaching Of A Differentiated Classroom Essay977 Words   |  4 PagesClassrooms today are diverse, have issues that were not previously present, and more is demanded of teachers than ever before. The readings in chapter six of Differentiated Instructional Management (Chapman and King, 2008), stuck me that many of the presented plans are intertwined with each other. I will explain three areas of planning in a differentiated classroom. I will not only discuss the areas of planning, but also speak about how I will incorporate and use the information in my teaching. Read MoreQuestions On Managing Diverse Classrooms1050 Words   |  5 PagesManaging Diverse Classrooms: How to Build on Students Cultural Strengths Elise Trumbull’s theory that a cross-cultural conflict in values between Latino immigrant families and the schools was the heart of the problem of formal education for the families of these children and Carrie Rothstein-Fisch’s expertise in pre-service teacher training produced Managing Diverse Classrooms: How to Build on Students Cultural Strengths. This book also provides educators with an understanding of how cultureRead MoreClassroom Management And The Environment989 Words   |  4 PagesClassroom management is integral to the environment in which students learn. Classroom management serves to regulate the behaviors, practices and focus of students to elicit participation. When enacted in a culturally responsive way, classroom management extends to consider how a student’s culture influences their motivations and behaviors. Calloway indicates, â€Å"a positive relationship was found to exist between classroom management and cultural teaching† (Callo way, n.d, p. 5). Responsive teachingRead MoreMy Role As An Educator1218 Words   |  5 Pagespromote their social well-being, and encourage full development. This will be done by promoting learning through group and individual work, managing my classroom, creating a community within the classroom and school, and accepting while also incorporating diversity. My role as an educator will be to seek the involvement of all students within the classroom, consider each student’s opinion and learning styles, and most importantly teach from my heart. I believe that all children can learn and thatRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Effects Of Diversity On Business And Communications Essay858 Words   |  4 PagesAnnotated Bibliography: Effects of diversity on business and communications Bilimoria, D. (2007). Handbook on women in business and management. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. This complete Handbook specifically presents commissioned unique essays on the communal roles and contexts women face in management and business, women’s role as leaders in management and business, procedures of the organization influencing women, work-life issues and particular career women’s issues in the fields. These essaysRead MorePrinciples, Policies Frameworks of Inclusive Schooling Essay1176 Words   |  5 Pagesbelieve policies and legislation related to Inclusive Education could influence attitudes towards the way society accepts difference. In recent times I believe there has been a heightened awareness regarding the necessity to develop Inclusive Classrooms that celebrate difference and cater for a diverse range of learning styles and needs. My belief is reflected in the increasing amount of policies and legislation being developed at both state and Commonwealth levels. These approaches range fromRead MoreDiversity in Workplace1483 Words   |  6 PagesDIVERSITY: GROWTH AND IMPORTANCE OF MANAGING Harpreet Singh City University ABSTRACT: As companies are becoming more and more diverse it s becoming more and more important for companies to understand and manage it. The people of different background, races, religion creates diverse workforce. There is an importance of having diverse workforce to provide better performance. There are perspectives of managing the diverse workforce, which require organization leaders and managersRead MoreEffective Teaching And Classroom Management1344 Words   |  6 PagesEffective teaching and classroom management is essential for the development of student’s education (Marsh, 2004). Teaching is rewarding, yet challenging, and can be a difficult career choice to make as it requires countless skills, attributes and understandings (Groundswater-Smith, 2007). Teachers are responsible for accommodating to the varied strengths and weaknesses of each student and aiding them in reaching their full potential in a learning environment. Therefore, recognising factors thatRead MoreThe Ever Changing Classroom : Managing The Intangible Essay1644 Words   |  7 PagesThe Ever-changing Classroom – Managing the Intangible Over the years, much has changed in regards to effective classroom pedagogy. Countless revisions to the once tried and true methodologies of a past age litter the literary practitioner’s textbooks, giving way to an abundance of amendments to strategies no longer pertinent within the ever changing world of high school education. With every new addition to the teaching arsenal come a slew of radical and innovative perspectives and philosophies,

Hazards on the Hudson free essay sample

An analysis of the legal battle between General Electric (GE) and Environmental Protection Association (EPA) which has ordered them to clean up the Hudson River following their dumping of chemicals. This paper provides a history of the problem which allowed GE to dump hazardous waste into the Hudson River. These chemicals, Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), are said to cause cancer and other health problems. The writer examines the arguments of both parties and those presented in the legal battle which is still in progress. Imagine, if you will, a sunny day. A boy and his father are fishing on the beautiful waters of the Hudson River. Excitedly, the boy yells, I got a fish! I got a fish! He reels it in and his father removes the hook from its mouth. Dad says, That sure is nice one, son. He then tosses the fish back in the water. When the boy asks why, the father explains that the fish in these waters are dangerous to eat. We will write a custom essay sample on Hazards on the Hudson or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They contain high levels of Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).

Conceptualizing And Operationalizing Within Festival And Event Tourism Essay Essay Example

Conceptualizing And Operationalizing Within Festival And Event Tourism Essay Essay Festivals occupy a important function in towns and parts all over the Earth, Getz for case opines that this acts as attractive forces, image-makers, energizers of inactive attractive force and influence rapid development. Such Festivals and events range from nutrient, vino, cultural, athleticss, drink, husbandmans market, music and movie festival, to advert but a few. The of import function of particular events and festivals has been reiterated in several scholarly plants on the turning tendency and impact on the touristry industry ( McDonnell et al 1999 ; Getz 1997 ; Crompton et al 2001 ) . This therefore paves manner for a multiplicity of positions that are related to the survey of festival and event, such as touristry relationship, event direction, impact literature all define the complexness of the comprehensiveness of touristry research. In recent old ages, the development of touristry has made it possible for several bookmans to specify the nature and extent of touristry related to festival and event research ( Formica 1998 ; Hede et Al 2003 ; Getz 2004 ) . Stokes ( 2005 ) opined that strategic direction and event touristry is construed as a sector chiefly influenced by the end of economic benefits. Gestating festivals and event falls under event touristry, which is at the link of both touristry and event surveies ( Getz 2008, p.406 ) .Limiting the end of festivals and events to economic impact entirely nevertheless is an aberrance and it reduces other factors such as civilization, leisure, traditional saving of norms to advert but a few. We will write a custom essay sample on Conceptualizing And Operationalizing Within Festival And Event Tourism Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Conceptualizing And Operationalizing Within Festival And Event Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Conceptualizing And Operationalizing Within Festival And Event Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This link is based on the premiss of a set of interrelatedness that influences the selling of events to tourers alongside the development and selling of events for touristry and economic development intents. This fundamentally leads to the point of unwraping the assorted impacts of such events, the conceptualisation and operationalization of the events. Historical overview of particular events and festivals Getz ( 1997 ) and Janiskee ( 1980 ) posited that festivals and events can be comprehended or depicted as formal periods or plans of enjoyable activities, amusements or events with a alone character of celebration and publically observing a peculiar construct, go oning or fact. The populace, celebratory characteristics in the definition are important because festivals and events have been in being for long and existed as important cultural patterns stand foring the signifier of public show, corporate jubilation and civic rite. Harmonizing to South Australia Tourism Commission ( 1997 ) , people in all civilizations identify the demand to sequester a peculiar clip and infinite for communal creativeness and jubilation. These patterns nevertheless day of the month back to centuries, with spiritual underpinnings which were largely prevailing in the in-between ages with public shows and civic rites as important in the Renaissance epoch ( Fox Gotham 2005 ; Muir 1997 ) . Dywer et Al ( 2004 ) nevertheless explains how imperial alongside international exhibitions became portion of public life and the corporate imaginativeness in Europe from the mid nineteenth century onwards. Researchs unwrap that throughout these earlier periods, festivals and events revolve around individuality in footings of the state province, which brings to fore the sense of topographic point, the personal and heterogenous individualities of a peculiar group of people ( Matheson 2005, p.224 ) . The Handel Centenary Festival held in London s Crystal Palace which started in 1859 for case was marketed as a tourer attractive force and remains a annual festival ; same can be said of Scots Highland games in North Carolina. Festivals and events therefore have a drawn-out historical flight which revolves chiefly around traditions of assorted yesteryear. They continue to boom and be in modern-day society, which can be traced to the demand and production driven factors. The demand driven factors underpinning the growing of festival and events can be conceptualized within the constructs of socialisation, demands, and the growing of serious leisure and experience ( Getz 2008 ; Prentice and Andersen 2003 ) . The production side as discussed in urban surveies, and urban geographics literatures view the modern-day generation of festivals and events as dependant on urban restructuring procedures ( ibid ) A chief driver for the growing and revival of festivals and events globally has been identified as the possible to present a series of development results which are in footings of economic restructuring and revival, finish or topographic point repositioning, internal investing and touristry gross coevals which instead are used in mensurating the impact of festival and events ( Schuster 2001 ) . The foregoing therefore calls for the scrutiny of the impacts of festival and events, the changing ways of conceptualizing and operationalizing festival and events. Prevailing subjects in the discourse of Festival and Events Several literature reappraisals have disclosed the nucleus countries of research and publication in the field of festivals and event. Formica ( 1998 ) and Getz s ( 2000 ) for case submitted that economic impacts, selling, event profiling, sponsorship, direction and forecasting/ tendency description are the chief subjects.More late, Jackson et Al ( 2005 ) , Moscardo ( 2007 ) submitted that the touristry literature on festivals and events is dominated by four major subjects which includes economic impacts, audience analysis with a solid motivation of bettering selling and service quality, the direction of events with a specific concern to advance selling and service quality and broader events impacts as perceived by occupants, participants in footings of satisfaction. The foregoing is nevertheless contradicted by Getz ( 2008, p.421 ) submits that event touristry surveies and related research are in their early phase of development. Measuring the impacts of festival and events hence seem to be important. Measuring Impacts of Festivals Fredline A ; Faulkner ( 2000 ) Crompton ( 1995 ) and Hall ( 1992 ) submits that festivals and events have a societal and cultural impact while another impact is the physical and environmental which comes from the entry of bookmans such as ( McDonnell, Allen and OToole 1999, Arcodia and Whitford 2002 ) . The economic impact seems to derive a more prevailing audience as the net economic alteration in a host community with the exclusion of non-market values paves manner for disbursement which is a map of the festival or event ( Crompton A ; McKay 1994, Chhabra et al 2003 ; Cole A ; Chancellor 2009 ) . From the predating it is graphic that festivals possess a scope of aims which connotes that measuring the impacts or success of any festival would change, and it poses a trouble to execute comparings between festivals. In add-on, Faulkner ( 1993, p.4 ) posits that before the beginning of an event or festival, its impacts tends to be over overdone by its organisers chiefly because of the enthusiasm for the undertaking and partially to derive support for support from the authorities, private organisations and the community. In order to derive public support, authorities support, it is noteworthy that an aim or comparable agencies of measuring economic impacts of festivals is required. It would be worthwhile unwraping the bing theoretical accounts or agencies of mensurating the impacts of festivals and events. The three traditional theoretical accounts employed when prediction or measuring economic impacts of festivals or events are Computable General Equilibrium ( CGE ) input -output analysis and cost benefit analysis, with each theoretical accounts or measuring technique relevant in different fortunes and instances. For case, Cost benefit analysis is applied when societal, fiscal costs and benefits derived from a festival are evaluated. This reiterates the placement of societal or environmental issues or chance costs of events of peculiar involvement in the analysis ( Hunn A ; Mangan 1999 ) . The lacks noted in this theoretical account or measuring technique nevertheless is the absence of entire information, the trouble in rating of societal or public assistance costs and benefits which makes the theoretical account excessively complex for application by little regional festival organisers in finding the impact of festivals or events. CGE theoretical accounts are nevertheless good applicable to patterning herding out impacts and structural alteration in the economic system, with the inclusion of labour markets both at national and province degree, nevertheless the handiness of extra capacity within organisations or insouciant labour and in short term context, the complexness and trouble in using and construing CGE theoretical accounts in a regional context might non be well-founded ( Adams A ; Parmenter 1999 ; Jackson et Al 2005, p.361 ) . The input-output theoretical account is besides used in touristry impact analysis and has been used widely in Australia for regional analysis ( Jackson et al 2005, p.362 ) .The application of the input-output theoretical accounts is nevertheless limited to regional analysis because of its long term span. In instances of little regional festivals where there is underutilization of bing labour resources or available insouciant labour, the input-output theoretical account is suited for measuring regional economic impacts. Another development in the operationalization of festival and events is the DIY ( Do-it -Yourself ) Kit which was developed by a squad of advisers in a Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Tourism ( CRC ) . The aforesaid kit was designed by using excel spreadsheet macros for calculation with an embedded synergistic sheathing that facilitates the easiness of informations entry to supply a comparatively merely applied tool for analysing economic impacts ( ibid ) . Among the issues captured by the DIY are the right step of the benefits of such festival or events, spacial distribution, continuance of event to advert but a few. Therefore, this provides an ex station rating of economic impact of the festival, with the kit bring forthing informations related to visitant features, industry allotment of entire festival outgos and industry allotment of visitant outgo ( ibid ) . The foregoing is nevertheless buttressed by Hall A ; Sharples ( 2008 ) entry that there are three different types of mensurable impacts or effects ; which are direct disbursals, indirect disbursals and induced effects. Direct disbursals which correspond to the disbursals accrued by the festival or event is analyzed under different act uponing variables such as rewards, rents, execution of programmes in a period of clip and topographic point. Indirect disbursals are defined as disbursals that emanate from the audience as a consequence of ingestion of the cultural goods while induced effects depict the impacts non included in the old classs, which spread or spread out to the remainder of the economic system. Festival and events, revisiting the impact phenomenon At this point, it might be important to see some popular or successful festivals, the engagement of several histrions and the effects. Get downing from a nutrient and vino festival, Hall A ; Sharples ( 2008 ) submits that paramount to the apprehension of festival and events is the composing of the festival. In this instance stakeholders and their outlooks are important. Stakeholders are therefore defined as those groups of persons who can impact or are affected by the festival or event. Not all nutrient and vino festivals would hold legion stakeholders. For case Hall A ; Sharples ( 2008 ) stakeholders revolve around voluntaries, employees, cordial reception nutrient and vino industries, occupants, tourer attendants, community groups, authorities, media, patrons, other concerns, stockholders and private patrons. The results or impact of different stakeholders nevertheless differ, Hall A ; Sharples ( 2008, p.89-90 ) submits that authoritiess through tourer section are interested in the economic impacts that such nutrient and vino festivals can bring forth whereas an educational section is interested in the educational and developing results. The Melbourne nutrient and vino festival is incorporated as a non-profit organisation nevertheless funding comes from both public and private sectors. Taking the Melbourne nutrient and vino festival as an case to construct the discourse of impact on, the festival celebrated on the 15th annually has a high profile of international chefs with a system of ticketed and non-ticked events ( ibid ) . The effect of the long term planned event meant that there were legion patrons and spouses every twelvemonth. In this specific instance two local newspapers, the State of Victoria, Tourism Victoria alongside City of Melbourne, Melbourne casino and a host of other patrons were available. The attendant consequence is a web base of patrons. The short results were increased demand for local nutrient and vino green goods, increased trade at take parting hotels, eating houses and coffeehouses, while the long term results were increased consumer penchant for locally produced nutrient and vino comparable to imported 1s, increased investing in local nutrient and vino industries, increased chances on a long term for employment in cordial reception, nut rient and vino industries, increased exportation of local nutrient and vino green goods. The Stakeholder helpers were occupants, cordial reception, nutrient and vino industries, other concerns, authoritiess, employees and voluntaries and stockholders if relevant. In decision, the impact of such event is that it develops societal capital in host communities.

The eNotes Blog The Pale King David Foster Wallaces Unfinished Novel To BePublished

The Pale King David Foster Wallaces Unfinished Novel To BePublished Try to learn to let what is unfair teach you. ~  David Foster Wallace, Infinite Jest Indeed it is unfair that the literary world lost one of its most  unique and inspiring  voices when David Foster Wallace committed suicide in  2008, but he may still have something to teach us.   At the time of his death,  Wallace had been working on a novel  with which he had struggled for nearly eight  years. He had speculated  in 2007 that  only about a third of the  manuscript was completed. Before he died,  Ã‚  Wallace organized what he could of the work for his wife, Karen Green,  and left it where she would discover it. The New Yorker reports that   there were hundreds of other pages- drafts, character sketches, notes to himself, fragments that had evaded his attempt to integrate them into the novel.   All in all, there are about a thousand pages to the work,  but Wallaces widow and his editor at Little, Brown, and Company, Michael Pietsch, speculate that the published version will likely be about four hundred. The release date of April 15, 2011 is probably tongue-in-cheek, for this is Income Tax Day and the novel is about an evil group within the I.R.S. [that] is trying to steal the secrets of an agent who is particularly gifted at maintaining a heightened state of concentration. Commenting on the theme, editor Michael Pietsch explains that the novel takes agonizing daily events like standing in lines, traffic jams, and horrific bus rides - things we all hate - and turns them into moments of laughter and understanding.† Karen Green, Wallaces widow, has designed the cover art.

Balustrades, Balusters, and How to Preserve Them

Balustrades, Balusters, and How to Preserve Them A baluster has come to be known as any vertical brace (often a decorative post) between an upper and lower horizontal railing. The purposes of the baluster  (pronounced BAL-us-ter) include safety, support, and beauty. Staircases and porches often have rails of balusters called balustrades.   A balustrade is a row of repeating balusters, similar to a colonnade being a row of columns. What we call a balustrade today is historically a decorative extension of the Classical Greek colonnade on a smaller scale. The invention of the balustrade is generally thought to be a feature of Renaissance architecture. One example is the balustrade of the 16th century Basilica St. Peters at the Vatican. Todays balusters are constructed of wood, stone, concrete, plaster, cast iron or other metal, glass, and plastics. Balusters can be rectangular or turned (i.e., shaped on a lathe). Today any decorative patterned grille or cutout (patterned after the Roman lattice) between railings are referred to as balusters. Balusters as architectural details are found in homes, mansions, and public buildings, inside and outside. The Baluster Shape: Balustrade (pronounced BAL-us-trade) has come to mean any series of vertical bracings between rails, including spindles and simple posts. The word itself reveals a certain design intention. Baluster is really a shape, coming from the Greek and Latin words for a wild pomegranate flower. Pomegranates are ancient fruits indigenous to the Mediterranean, Middle East, India, and Asia, which is why you find the baluster shape in these areas of the world. Having hundreds of seeds, pomegranates also have long been symbols of fertility, so when ancient civilizations decorated their architecture with objects from nature (e.g., the top of a Corinthian column is decorated with acanthus leaves), the shapely baluster was a good decorative choice. What we call the baluster shape was depicted in pottery and jugs and wall carving in many parts of the world from the earliest civilizations- the potters wheel was invented around 3,500 BC, so wheel-turned shapely water jugs and baluster vases were more easily produced- but the baluster was not used in architecture until thousands of years later, during the Renaissance. After the Middle Ages, from roughly 1300 until 1600, a new interest in Classical design was reborn, including the baluster design. Architects like Vignola, Michelangelo, and Palladio incorporated the baluster design into Renaissance architecture, and today balusters and balustrades are considered the architectural detail itself. In fact, our common word banister is a corruption or mispronunciation of baluster. Preservation of Balustrades: Exterior balustrades are obviously more susceptible to decay and deterioration than interior balustrades. Proper design, manufacturing, installation, and regular maintenance are keys to their preservation. The US General Services Administration (GSA) defines balustrade by its components, consisting of the handrail, footrail and balusters. The handrail and footrail are joined at the ends to a column or post.   The balusters are vertical members that connect the rails. Wooden balustrades are subject to deterioration for a number of reasons, including exposed end grain from the manufacturing process and butt joints that are prone to moisture. Regular inspection and maintenance of a well-designed balustrade are the keys to continued care and preservation. A wooden balustrade in proper condition is rigid and free from decay, the GSA reminds us. It is designed with sloping surfaces to repel water and has properly caulked, tight joints. Exterior cast stone (i.e., concrete) balusters will have moisture problems if not designed and installed properly and if not routinely inspected. Balusters come in many shapes and sizes, and the quality of construction and thickness of the balusters neck may affect its integrity. The variables involved in manufacture are considerable, and it is wise to use a firm with experience in ornamental and custom work rather than a precast concrete firm which manufactures stock structural items, suggests preservationist Richard Pieper. The Case for Preservation: So, why preserve balustrades in public buildings or on your own home? Why not just cover them up, encase them in metal or plastic and protect them from environmental hazards? Balustrades and railings are not only practical and safety features, write preservationist John Leeke and architectural historian Aleca Sullivan, they typically are highly visible decorative elements. Unfortunately, balustrades and balusters are frequently altered, covered, removed or completely replaced even though in most cases they can be repaired in a cost-effective manner. Routine cleaning, patching, and painting will preserve all kinds of balustrades. Replacement should be a last resort only. To preserve historic fabric, the repair of old balustrades and railings is always the preferred approach, Leeke and Sullivan remind us. A broken baluster usually is one in need of repair, not replacement. Sources: Baluster, Illustrated Architecture Dictionary, Buffalo Architecture and History; Classical Comments: Balusters by Calder Loth, Senior Architectural Historian for the Virginia Department of Historic Resources; Securing An Exterior Wooden Balustrade, U.S. General Services Administration, November 5, 2014; Removing And Replacing Deteriorated Cast Stone Balusters, U.S. General Services Administration, December 23, 2014; Preserving Historic Wood Porches by Aleca Sullivan and John Leeke, National Park Service, October 2006; The Maintenance, Repair and Replacement of Historic Cast Stone by Richard Pieper, National Park Service, September 2001 [accessed December 18, 2016]

Humanitarian Crisis in Darfur Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Humanitarian Crisis in Darfur - Essay Example Various world leaders have already declared the situation genocide, but are still slow to act. Given the slow global response to the genocide in Darfur, Sudan, the United States government needs to stop up and take action, and help the humanitarian crisis that is taking place in Darfur right now. The situation in Sudan is a complicated one, and one that will not easily be solved. Throughout the course of the years of violence, the situation has impacted the lives of millions of Darfurians. So far, "The ongoing devastation has killed an estimated 400,000 and displaced over 2.5 million Sudanese since February 2003", and the wide spread course of destruction is only going to continue unless someone steps in and takes action (Darfur, 2007). Just these facts only warrant intervention on the basis of humanitarian need, but these numbers alone are not the only reasons the United States should get involved in Darfur. In fact, the United States should have gotten involved in Darfur a long time ago, but still has decided to leave innocent people to die at the hands of a violent government. What kind of government do we have that can keep its blind eye turned for so long on the horrible actions of another government The United States needs to take immediate action to stop these atrocit ies from continuing to happen in Darfur, and stop more innocent lives from being shed for pointless reasons. The United States Department of State has given even higher numbers than the conservative estimates by the refugee agencies. The Department of States has released numbers showing that "4 million people have been displaced from Southern Sudan, with a total of 6 million displaced from the whole country, there are a estimated 220,000 refugees from Sudan currently living in Chad, 358,000 in other neighboring countries, and 170,000 refugees from other countries that are seeking home in Sudan" ( (U.S. Department of State, 2007). Many of these numbers could have been avoided if the United States has moved in to help Sudan, hypothetically speaking, instead of throwing ourselves into the quagmire that is Iraq. Or even if the United States has begun to put pressure on the Sudanese government earlier, we could see much lower death tolls coming out of the century's first genocide. Beside just the immediate effects of the genocide, if one were to look at the far reaching effects, one could find another reason the United States should step up and help Darfur. Another area of Darfur that has been affected is the education of the children. Once the warfare finally does stop, Darfur is going to need help in rebuilding and reeducating its children. Sudan has the lowest access to primary education in the world (UNICEF, 2005). Ninety-nine percent of women in Southern Sudan are illiterate and only seven percent of all teachers teaching Southern Sudan are trained to be teachers (UNICEF, 2005). As if those numbers are bad enough, only ten percent of girls ages 7-14 attend school, and fewer than one percent of girls complete primary education (UNICEF, 2005). Also, only Afghanistan under the Taliban had fewer girls graduating from primary schools than the few number of girls that are graduating from Sudanese schools today. The horrible things that are happening in Darfur are only going to have the ripple effect, and have a horrible effect on the generations to come. The United States needs to step in, not only to help the horrible things

Burger King and Innovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 12000 words

Burger King and Innovation - Essay Example In order for a company to survive and succeed in the current economic climate, which is itself having difficulties, companies have to develop in such a way to be one step ahead of their competition. Since the global recession, there is a need for change and members of organizations are urged to change their own mindsets. For this to happen, organizations have to emphasize on 1) communicating more with their customers. Companies have to find out what their customers want and need, especially in the midst of a changing environment where needs and priorities may be different from how they used to be in previous years, and 2) striving for improvement and innovation. During the global economic crisis, it is not sufficient that companies remain to be on the same level as their competitors. In order to survive the competition, creating new business practices in both customer care and creating product value is what is needed in order to innovate. However, innovation doe not occur by simply e ncouraging organization members to be creative. Moreover, the concept of innovation is one that needs to be planned, encouraged and managed. It is a process that is gradual and continual (Desmond, 2009).  According to Christiansen (2000), innovation is the process that involves the management of ideas, the provision of funding and implementation. In the food services industry, it is common to expect that most companies do not have research and development laboratories. Innovations mostly include innovations in equipment design and layout.

Perception and Reality in Existenz Essay Example for Free

Perception and Reality in Existenz Essay For me, eXistenZ is a film that is fairly confusing at best. If I’m not mistaken the film was released before The Matrix and had the same concept for the world the characters resided. A computer generated world inside the real world. In eXistenZ the protagonists start off in a room, they are about to beta test a revolutionary computer game called â€Å"eXistenZ†, the scene is set in such a way that we are led to believe that video games have finally reached the ultimate goal of becoming fully immersive and utterly real, not so much virtual reality but complete reality. Each actor is given a role that, in the game, they may or may not complete without knowing. This is where things already start to cross over. We as the audience are transported into a fictional world, viewed through a mechanical/computerized object (the camera) that is itself populated by fictional characters whom are just about to do the exact same thing. â€Å"The way we see things is affected by what we know or what we believe. † 1 berger We are told to believe that computerised realities identical to our own are now possible, and that these people will be â€Å"porting† into one. Nobody today, at least that I know, believes that our reality is computerised, simply because in our reality†¦a computer generated reality that is indistinguishable from our own has not been created. But if we all believed that, would we see this world differently as in eXistenZ? â€Å"An image is a sight which has been recreated or reproduced. It is an appearance, or set of appearances, which has been detached from the place and time in which it first made its appearance and preserved – for a few moments or a few centuries. † 2 berger. Once we are â€Å"ported† into the computerized reality of their reality, we realise that what we are viewing is not what we are seeing for ourselves, possibly not even in the same time or space. The camera is providing us with a series of still images that were captured by a â€Å"mechanical† eye (this alone provides us with a view of the world which is unlike our own i. e. widescreen, resolution, perspective etc). These images are producing a world that is similar to ours but unreal and from the viewpoint like that of a ghost or an angel (called â€Å"free cam† or â€Å"death cam† in the video game world†. The ability to view events from anywhere in the world whenever you want. ). This world then takes us into another world inside that one which is viewed the same way, except this world is supposed to be the false reality. I sometimes think this can be part of the explanation for the oddities we see†¦. like placing the lens of a camera next to the viewfinder of another camera and taking a picture. As your eye, a natural camera in itself sees through the first lens, the image is distorted via that lens and then the other lens. What is it you will really be seeing at the end? In the film we are always viewing the events through three mediums, our eyes, through the camera, which views those events through a virtual camera in the game. We can never be totally sure that the images we see represent the corresponding knowledge that we assign to it in our reality. Everything in eXistenZ looks exactly the same as our reality but doesn’t have the same meaning†¦. several tiers over. But whose eyes are we actually viewing these whole series of events from? A spectator. But who is this spectator? Are there testers ported into the game as mere observers? Are they developers or publishers? Or simply joe public who has no direct connection with the corporate mechanics of eXistenZ? In our reality, when you play a multiplayer game such as this and you die, you become a spectator†¦a ghost, until the end of the game, where you â€Å"respawn† (get another chance). Quite simply, whose interpretation of the events are we watching? Two quotes relating to music and technology but I believe are relevant; â€Å"†Liveness,† in short, whether defined in social or physiological terms, is not essential to musical meaning. On the other hand, it is equally clear that to record a work is just as much to interpret it as to perform it in any other way. † 3 Simon Firth â€Å"I don’t believe the engineer should intrude between the composer, or performer†¦Ã¢â‚¬  4 Goddard The â€Å"music† is the game, the â€Å"performer† being the people in the game, the â€Å"composer† is the game itself, the story and the â€Å"engineer† is the person or entity who is controlling our view of the final score (In game mechanics this could be referred to as the â€Å"Game Engine†, this decides what happens, how, why, when and where. ) The above quote can only exude one outcome, that the game should be viewed from each and every person by their own means in order to absorb the complete truth. Right now we are watching the events through someone else’s interpretation, each cut and angle change being a splice of the composition†¦a rewrite of the events. By the end of the film we find out unequivocally that because of this we have only half of the story. But we do realise that no matter what, the composition remains the same†¦. it’s just the way we hear it that is different. eXistenZ has what’s called a â€Å"linear† plotline but a â€Å"non linear† game play mechanic, there is only one outcome but the way in which you reach that outcome can have infinite possibilities, much like our lives. Existence is linear, but life is not. We will all die eventually, but how we die will have an infinite number of possibilities. A composer can write a piece of music that is the story, which never changes, but it is the performer and engineer that tell this story, depending on them both, the end will always be the same but the way in which the story is told will always be different. One thing that was mentioned by Walter Benjamin is that, â€Å"For the film, what matters primarily is that the actor represents himself to the public before the camera, rather than representing someone else. † 5 benjamin This maybe true, but the very nature of this film throws this ideal into chaos. The actors are playings actors in a film that has them playing actors in a game†¦that by the end of the film, has them playing actors of actors in some other situation. This quote I simply don’t agree with, it also seems to me that this is the complete opposite of what a method actor tries to accomplish on stage, which is to embody and represent someone else completely without thought. This goes against what Berger said about us relating what we see to what we know. If the actors on stage all represented themselves completely to the audience other than the camera before the part they were playing, then what we as an audience know about the character in relation to the actor playing the character conflict and ruin the immersion, it is easier to become someone else in front of the camera, that doesn’t know anything, than the audience that knows everything. The whole point of eXistenZ is to make you believe that these average people believe they are someone else who in turn believe they are someone else. At the end of the day this is what the object of the game was, to embody the character of someone else that has been thrust into a plot in a world that you have no knowledge of. This is the reason that people play video games. To escape the mundane trials and tribulations of everyday life and become a part of something that is out of the ordinary. Computer Generated Imagery, or CGI (CGI is a term that I find horrible, to me it is either Digital Animation or Digital Modeling, together Digital Media. CGI has connotations of the low tech ‘80’s to many people. ) is the main ingredient in this, where as the original way to escape was to either read a book, act in a play or hear a tale†¦now we are heading towards the era where you can become part of a tale that is ultra realistic. Where you can enter a virtual world that can fabricate the ends of your imagination and beyond. eXistenz is where the digital industry wants to end up, the applications of fabricating a reality that is false for individuals that cannot cope with the â€Å"real† thing are endless. If youre bored at work, why not become Bruce Willis during you’re lunch break? Want to experience terror? Port in and visit Silent Hill after a hard day at work. It all sounds simple enough, but right now we are at a point where we know for definite within our reality, where the line is between virtual and real. The day that our technology reaches the levels depicted in eXistenZ is the day that the troubles will start. This I think is one of the main lessons to me in this film. When do we say â€Å"enough† to technology? When do we stop? Or do we stop in one avenue and continue developing in others? A revolutionary game such as eXistenZ could wreak havoc on people who do not have the capacity to discern their reality from that of the software or hardware. It even has the possibility to blur the lines and boundaries you already have defined, or destroy your mental health completely. At the very end of the film we are enlightened to the fact that eXistenZ is not real, that it is a product of the game â€Å"tranScendanZ†. It is a game within a game within a film. The final line of the film â€Å"Are we still in the game† relates to how we see the world, relative. Who knows if that was the real reality or just the game, to me it looked very much like the two protagonists didn’t know either, or even questioned it. Perhaps they weren’t even â€Å"real† participants of the game, but mere NPC’s (non player characters). But this is where Digital Media is taking us, it’s job is to create the world as accurately as it can within the realms of it’s software, ironically designed by entities that are bound by laws of a universe not completely understood by the aformentioned but with none of the rules that limit our existence (The Matrix for example, identical reality, but the rules could be bent or broken by those who knew how to). For instance, if I wanted to walk through a wall right now I couldn’t, however, in a game it is as simple as typing a code into the console (usually â€Å"noclip 1†, 0 being false, 1 being true). But who is to say that I couldn’t walk through that wall now? Maybe it is as simple as being enlightened to the truth like Neo from The Matrix? In our lives we are exposed to images from the past, present and future that hold no bearing on our existence at that present time we experience them. But these images, performances or experiences can affect us in ways that we cannot perceive. The photographer, camera operator or composer does not know this either. But at the time of them creating these art works they are fabricating a reality and set of circumstances for others that have a multitude of meanings. There can be one definitive interpretation, but this will change depending on who is viewing it and how. Right now this essay almost makes sense to me, it may not make sense to you, but how do you make sense of things that have several meanings unless you were the person who conceived the premise in the first place? The answer is that you cannot. A picture taken one century for one purpose and meaning can translate as something else in another century. An actors affect in film during one era can mean something different on stage in the same era and an music studio can completely rewrite the meaning and feel of music without changing the notes or instruments. It is all down to perception. eXistenZ, Vanilla Sky, The Matrix, The Machinist, Gozu and many others all rely on images that are perceived as in any other art forms. Our own experiences colour the original â€Å"thought† of the creator, regardless of that creators perception.

Dialectical Journals- Things Fall Apart Essay -- essays research paper

Dialectical Journals 1. â€Å"His fame rested on solid personal achievements.† Pg. 3 paragraph 1 All fame begins when you do something noticeable. For example, actors and actresses build upon their careers and reputations by achieving excellence in their personal goals, as well as perfecting their public performance. 2. â€Å"†¦It was said that when he slept, his wives and children in his houses could hear him breathe.† Pg. 4 paragraph 1 One question that comes to mind when I read this is if he alternates between homes on certain days or months. From what I understand, it used to be socially acceptable to have many wives and children, but they all lived together in one home, scattered among different chambers within the house. The use of the word â€Å"homes† is what made me wonder. 3. â€Å"He always said that whenever he saw a dead man’s mouth he saw the folly of not eating what one had in one’s lifetime.† Pg. 4 paragraph 2 I think that what the author was trying to imply in this passage was that in his personal experience, he has noticed that many people take many things for granted and that they don’t live their lives according to what they want and need to do. So much is wasted during one’s lifetime, and people just allow their lives to pass them by. 4. â€Å"As he broke the kola, Unoka prayed to their ancestors for life and health, and for protection against their enemies.† Pg. 6 paragraph 5 The impression that I got was that Okoye just came over on a whim. Is it customary to honor and pray to the ancestors whenever you have company; expected or unexpected? This seems awkward. 5. â€Å"Okoye was also a musician. He played on the ogene. But he was not a failure like Unoka.† Pg. 7 paragraph 6 I can compare this selection to my personal life in both the resent and the past. Even though I have many things in common with my friends, I often feel like a failure in comparison to them, as if they are better than I am at things that we do regularly, much like Unoka in comparison to Okoye. 6. â€Å"A snake was never called by its name at night, because it would hear.† Pg. 9 paragraph 2 The act of fear is much more common in the dark. In the dark, people expect things to be lurking around the bend, waiting for someone to summon it. I can relate this selection to my past experiences with my friends. When we were in elementary school, we would go into a dark bathroom and say the name, ... ...hy, disgusting insects. If the villagers knew what the small, disaster-riddled pests were capable of doing, then they would fear the swarm’s return instead of praising and rejoicing it. 25. â€Å"My daughter’s suitor is coming today.† Pg. 65 paragraph 7 Why is a ten-year-old child getting married? Is the â€Å"man† also ten years old? Why would an adult want to marry someone who hasn’t even reached adolescence yet? It made sense to them to sell their daughters for marriage once they started menstruating, but why would they sell off a child who probably wouldn’t start to do that for up to two years after the marriage. 26. â€Å"You might as well say that the woman lies on top of the man when they are making the children.† Pg. 74 paragraph 3 This shows that in the days of this book, sex was just for making children; not for fun. Now a day, men like sex in a variety of positions. They often like domineering women who are on the top rather than the bottom. I suppose that back then, the men had little respect for the women so they felt that they should be below them. If they were on top during sex, then the men may feel intimidated by the woman’s strength and be disgusted that they have no shame. Dialectical Journals- Things Fall Apart Essay -- essays research paper Dialectical Journals 1. â€Å"His fame rested on solid personal achievements.† Pg. 3 paragraph 1 All fame begins when you do something noticeable. For example, actors and actresses build upon their careers and reputations by achieving excellence in their personal goals, as well as perfecting their public performance. 2. â€Å"†¦It was said that when he slept, his wives and children in his houses could hear him breathe.† Pg. 4 paragraph 1 One question that comes to mind when I read this is if he alternates between homes on certain days or months. From what I understand, it used to be socially acceptable to have many wives and children, but they all lived together in one home, scattered among different chambers within the house. The use of the word â€Å"homes† is what made me wonder. 3. â€Å"He always said that whenever he saw a dead man’s mouth he saw the folly of not eating what one had in one’s lifetime.† Pg. 4 paragraph 2 I think that what the author was trying to imply in this passage was that in his personal experience, he has noticed that many people take many things for granted and that they don’t live their lives according to what they want and need to do. So much is wasted during one’s lifetime, and people just allow their lives to pass them by. 4. â€Å"As he broke the kola, Unoka prayed to their ancestors for life and health, and for protection against their enemies.† Pg. 6 paragraph 5 The impression that I got was that Okoye just came over on a whim. Is it customary to honor and pray to the ancestors whenever you have company; expected or unexpected? This seems awkward. 5. â€Å"Okoye was also a musician. He played on the ogene. But he was not a failure like Unoka.† Pg. 7 paragraph 6 I can compare this selection to my personal life in both the resent and the past. Even though I have many things in common with my friends, I often feel like a failure in comparison to them, as if they are better than I am at things that we do regularly, much like Unoka in comparison to Okoye. 6. â€Å"A snake was never called by its name at night, because it would hear.† Pg. 9 paragraph 2 The act of fear is much more common in the dark. In the dark, people expect things to be lurking around the bend, waiting for someone to summon it. I can relate this selection to my past experiences with my friends. When we were in elementary school, we would go into a dark bathroom and say the name, ... ...hy, disgusting insects. If the villagers knew what the small, disaster-riddled pests were capable of doing, then they would fear the swarm’s return instead of praising and rejoicing it. 25. â€Å"My daughter’s suitor is coming today.† Pg. 65 paragraph 7 Why is a ten-year-old child getting married? Is the â€Å"man† also ten years old? Why would an adult want to marry someone who hasn’t even reached adolescence yet? It made sense to them to sell their daughters for marriage once they started menstruating, but why would they sell off a child who probably wouldn’t start to do that for up to two years after the marriage. 26. â€Å"You might as well say that the woman lies on top of the man when they are making the children.† Pg. 74 paragraph 3 This shows that in the days of this book, sex was just for making children; not for fun. Now a day, men like sex in a variety of positions. They often like domineering women who are on the top rather than the bottom. I suppose that back then, the men had little respect for the women so they felt that they should be below them. If they were on top during sex, then the men may feel intimidated by the woman’s strength and be disgusted that they have no shame.

Procrastination Abstract Essay

Studies show that most students are academic procrastinators, they tend to wait for the last moment before submitting or finishing their school related tasks.   Analysts divided these students into two groups, the positive procrastinators and the negative procrastinators.   Positive procrastinators are those students who wait for the last moment to submit a work because they feel that the pressure of waiting for the last minute to do their work gives brings them enjoyment and makes them more productive, while negative procrastinators wait for the last minute because they are lazy or they lack the motivation. Contemporary analysts believe that most students belong to the latter.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The position of modern day behavioral analysts is erroneous.   Positive procrastination among students is the norm not the exception. Contrary to the common notion that negative procrastination is prevalent among the student population, the truth of the matter is that students are more prone to positive procrastination.   Procrastination among students is more attributed to their belief that they perform better under pressure rather than their laziness or lack of focus.

Health Promotion in Nursing Practice Essay

Health promotion is defined by the world health organization as the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. It moves beyond a focus on individual behavior towards a wide range of social and environmental interventions. The purpose of health promotion is to empower people to improve their health and delay disease, disability, and death. The nurses plays an important role in health-promoting activities which include educating people in making important life changing decision such as healthy eating, stress management, adequate physical activity, adequate sleep and not smoking. Achieving optimal health is not the sole responsibility of the individual the government are also involved in health promotion by creating safe environment free of pollution, safe drinkable water, provide vaccines for preventable diseases. Health differences can be reduced by providing culturally relevant health information, programs, and services, creating public policy that promotes health, improving access to health care and providing other opportunities for making healthy choices. Primary prevention is the prevention of diseases and conditions before their biological onset. This can be achieve in many ways, such as educating individuals to decrease risk taking behaviors, preventing environmental exposures, environmental health measures, such as maintaining a safe water and food supply. Educating individuals on sex educations such as promoting the use of condoms, abstinence before marriage, avoiding multiple sex partners will prevent sexual transmitted diseases such as HIV, and also reduce the risk of cervical cancer in women. Education in healthy eating habit and increase in physical activity will reduce obesity and prevent some diseases associated with obesity such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes, heart related conditions etc. Vaccines are good examples of primary prevention measures, many diseases today have been prevented with the use of vaccines. Good example of secondary prevention in the hospital settings is offering of flu vaccine and pneumonia vaccine to all discharged patient who meets the criteria. Education on the use of seat belt will reduce the degree of automobile injuries. Secondary prevention is the process of identifying the presence of disease in the body at an early stage when it has not advanced to the point of causing any signs, symptoms or disability . These preclinical conditions are most often discovered by disease screening. Screenings such as routine mammograms, Pap smear, colonoscopy, PSA, prevents disease emergence and this usually leads prevention of serious complications. Secondary preventions also includes routine blood works to check for cholesterol level, prescreening for hypertension, screening for high blood-lead level for people who work in environment with lead exposure. Nurses should promote secondary prevention in our area of work, in the communities; they should emphasis on the importance of health screenings to the clients in their area of profession. The government should also provide funds for secondary prevention by providing resources for free screening in public places like the school, church, hospitals, town hall etc. With secondary prevention there will be delay in disease progression, disability and death. Tertiary prevention is the prevention of disease progression and complication after it has been clinically diagnosed. This includes the rehabilitation and management of the disease , example of tertiary prevention is the routine screening for and management of diabetic associated conditions in a diabetic patient such as renal ,eye, and foot problems. Eliminating offending allergens from asthmatic patients. Preventing reoccurrence of myocardial infarction with blood thinners such as aspirin, Plavix etc. The use of physical therapist and occupational therapist to regain physical function in a stroke patient. Nurses in their different area of nursing plays important roles in health promotion, it could be by primary prevention, secondary prevention, or tertiary prevention. When a patient is admitted in the hospital it is the duty of the nurses to educate the patient and the family on the tertiary prevention level on how to manage his disease such as to comply with ordered medication, diet modifications, smoking cessation etc. Educational handouts with specific teaching on disease prevention and management should be given to patient upon discharge.In conclusion primary prevention is the most important preventive measure in health promotion, while secondary prevention is very vital in health promotion as with this preventive measure there is a high chance of a positive outcome. Also tertiary prevention is also very important as it minimizes complication and delay death. References Robert, R. B. (2002). Encyclopedia of Public Health.Retrieved on January 13, 2013 from GCU Library.Retrieved on January 13, 2013 from www.who.int/topics/health_promotion.

Weapons Of Mass Destruction Essays

Weapons Of Mass Destruction Essays Weapons Of Mass Destruction Essay Weapons Of Mass Destruction Essay Weapons Of Mass Destruction ARTCLE 1 The issue of weapons of mass destruction has always been one that intrigued me. I have believed for the longest time that more attention needed to be placed on the subject, and the effectiveness of our ability to control who, or whom has what. More and more nations are building and stockpiling these weapons for years, so when National Geographic came out with the article Weapons of Mass Destruction (an ominous new chapter opens on the twentieth century?s ugliest legacy), I was enthused to say the least. The inspiration for the article came about after a mock scenario by the United States military, which showed America?s vulnerability, and ill preparedness for such an attack. The information for the article suffered a setback after the events of September 11, and a dragnet was put over the world of WMD. Still the article proved to be very informative, and eye opening. The author, Lewis M. Simons did a good job of detailing particular problems besetting why weapons of mass destruction exist in the first place. The article attempts to convey the senses, of fear, pain, and hopelessness by way of gripping tales and pictures. One picture in particular was very good article, people, way, one, world, weapons, think, simon, job, cities, about, wmd, say, particular, forms, across, very, various, try, subject, sense, really, put, population, place, pain, out, mass, liked, least, lagos, it?s, including, hyderabad, good

Finding the Main Idea Answers 2

Finding the Main Idea Answers 2 If you have read How to Find the Main Idea, and have completed the Finding the Main Idea 2 activity, then, by all means read the answers below. These answers are affiliated with both the articles, and will not make much sense by themselves! Printable PDFs: Finding the Main Idea 2 Worksheet | Finding the Main Idea 2 Answers Answer 1: Classrooms This is a stated main idea: The physical environment of a classroom is extremely important because it can influence the way teachers and students feel, think, and behave. Answer 2: China Power This is a stated main idea: Whether Chinas emergence as a global power can peacefully find a place in East Asia and the world is a major issue in todays international political environment, one that warrants a responsible look. Answer 3: Rain This is an implied main idea: Its abnormal to venture out in the rain, but the positive results can be well worth it. Answer 4: Math This is an implied main idea: Although males outperform females on math tests, the cause of the discrepancy is unknown. Answer 5: Movies This is an implied main idea: People are willing to pay high prices for movies on the weekends in order to experience camaraderie with others. Answer 6: Troopathon This is an implied main idea: Melanie Morgan created the Troopathon to counteract the negative personification of troops displayed by the media. Answer 7: Relationships This is an implied main idea: Getting into a relationship is easy, but staying in one is not. Answer 8: Educational Technology This is an implied main idea: Technology is pervasive in todays classrooms, and although critics doubt its use in education, their viewpoint is faulty. Answer 9: Fair Use This is a stated main idea: The recording industry has gone too far in its fight against file sharers in that Copyright Management Systems can impinge on users fair use of digital information. Answer 10: Mares This is a stated main idea: A recent study found that more sociable mares had more foals.

Politicization of the Civil Service Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Politicization of the Civil Service - Article Example Rouban makes interesting points that do serve to illuminate the problems inherent in a system in which all laws and institutions serve a political agenda to one degree or another. Where the article succeeds best is in showing that not all bureaucracies are the same and that the definition of a civil servant varies from one country to another. As a result, the most fascinating aspect of the article may be that it enlightens one to the shifting values of political import to be found in a country's social and cultural aspects. The idea that educators might be subject to political pressure in following their career path is especially frightening. This article furthers the ideas of Wilsonian separation of politics from administration while also adhering to Weber's theories on hierarchical assumptions. The problems that must be faced is that while Weber is correct in advocating the theoretical ideals of impersonal organization, ultimately the truth must be faced that everything carries a political component.

Quantitative Analysis of Business Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Quantitative Analysis of Business - Coursework Example Determine the equations for each of the three constraints that are plotted on the attached â€Å"graph 1†, showing all work necessary to arrive at the equations.  Determine the equations for each of the three constraints that are plotted on the attached â€Å"graph 1†, showing all work necessary to arrive at the equations.  Identify each constraint as a minimum or maximum constraint.   The objective function is Z= 30X+72Y+90Subject to   7.5X + 7.5Y ≠¤ 30 (equation for Nutrient C)    6X + 12Y       ≠¤ 72 15X + 6Y ≠¤ 90          X ≠¥ 0, Y ≠¥ 0 Since the feasible region is below the constraints the constraints are minimum constraints. Determine the total contribution to profit, if the company produces a combination of cases of brand X and brand Y that lies on the purple objective function (profit line) as it is plotted on the attached â€Å"graph 1†.If the company chooses to produce a combination of brand X and Y as given in graph then the different combinations would be (0, 8), (1, 6.6), (2, 5.4), (3, 4), (4, 2.6), (5, 1.3), (6, 0). The contribution to profit at various combinations can be obtained using the objective function where profit= 30X+72Y+90 and substituting the value of X and Y for each set in this function we get profit for each combination.When the company produces 8 units of Brand Y and no Brand X the profit function is maximized (666). But this combination is outside the feasible region. So, the combination that gives maximum profit (468) to the producer within the optimal region is 3 units of X and 4 units of Y. The Total Contribution of Profit: The total contribution to profit which can be obtained by producing 3 units of brand X and 4 units of brand Y is 468 which is obtained by putting the values of X and Y in the profit

Mrk #1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Mrk #1 - Essay Example the same time outshine their performance in not only providing high quality computer products but at the same time services by getting well-trained employees who do not only have the knowledge about technology and computers but at the same time have passion for doing so. Also, screening possible employees to pick out those with friendly personalities, professionalism, and patience is key to achieve this. 3. Since there are a lot of players in the business that Best Value is in, brand equity is key to gaining the trust and confidence of customers to actually look to them for their needs instead of the popular brands/companies. This would be achieved by having a clear distinctive positioning of Best Value where customers of that certain market would be able to connect with them and know that they are the right place to go to. Establishing Best Value to be a local computer parts and service provider who under promises and yet over delivers without asking for too much of a cost should be clearly communicated to its customers so they will gain a top of mind position in their market. 4. Best Value sales representatives do a very important task of managing their expectations. An example of which would be to allow these customers especially those who are non-techie to understand what the parts are for, the reason why a certain part is dysfunctional and etc. aside from that, it is important to lay it down to prospective clients that they are not as big and as well-equipped as the other big companies out there so service rendered could take a bit more time but they would guarantee satisfaction at a lower cost for sure. Also, Best Value could make sure their clients are always happy by never forgetting a follow through even after the transaction is made. One could make a call and ask them how their computers are working. 5. The expansion towards providing LAN services could pose dangers such as the lowering of quality of computers being assembled, an employee base Best

Child Abuse Types and Features: Literature Review

Child Abuse Types and Features: Literature Review An ugly word that has manifested into action and has resided in the homes of many today (specifically in north America) is abuse. Abuse takes many forms and leaves its mark in many different ways. In addition to this, abuse also often occurs between people who are close to each other (within the family), which would say that domestic abuse is most common in our society. Although abuse is certainly not restricted to the family, this paper will examine the different ways that abuse takes place within the context of children being the victims. The biggest issue that takes place is child abuse is that fact that a child seeks after security. Proof of this is seen how children cling on to a security blanket, or a teddy bear or rag doll that they drag around with them wherever they go.1 In other words, children who have been or who are being abused receive the exact oppose of what they truthfully desire and need. With this, the focus will be centred towards the physical and emotional effect s of physical abuse and sexual abuse amongst children. This topic is certainly a sensitive topic for many, and this paper will even contain personal stories of individuals that have become victims to all kinds of abuse. To understand abuse, we must firstly understand how abuse actually works. It is common for people to find themselves in an abusive relationship. Although, it is interesting to note that people who are in abusive relationships tend to either stay in that relationship or leave and find themselves in the same situation with another individual. Why does this occur? Why do people stay with those who are abusive towards them? This is commonly seen in marital relationships, but it is interesting to note that it is applicable to a parent-child relationship, because there is a cycle, and its referred as the cycle of abuse. When dealing with physical abuse, this occurs in a cycle of three phases. It begins with a tension-building period, then an acute battering incident, and concluding with a reconciliation/loving phase. Nevertheless, generally speaking, the abuse tends to have a pattern of getting worst and worst.2 Although, it all begins at the  first stage. Tension building said to have been done by both members (the abuser and the victim). Lets say that the incident is between a husband and a wife, the wife can try to please her husband by working to keep him calm through the way she converses with him; in other words, to not provoke him to anger. Although, it is important to remember that the abuser is always responsible for his/her actions. Although the point that the victim provokes the anger of the abuser is often used from the abuser to the victim.3 This is how the tension arises. The second phase is when the physical assault actually occurs. Although, only about half of the instances of physical abuse actually result in visible injuries, while the rest of injuries go unnoticed to the eye.4 On this phase, it is  interesting to note that these abusive relationships that do not terminate in divorce are at high risk to terminate due to the untimely death of someone.5 During the third phase, this is where any physical tension or phy sical or physical abuse is absent. Thus, this is usually where the lovey phase of the relationship takes place. Although, in many cases of studies, it was difficult to find any positive behaviour, but there was at least no form of  tension building or physical assault taking place.6 This is a general point of how abusively occurs, it is foundational to the remainder of this topic because of abuse cycles around these phases. Continuing forwards with physical abuse, it is important, yet difficult to draw the line between abuse and discipline. A Decima poll was taken up and found that one in three Canadian parents admit to slapping and spanking, and parents of young children under six are twice as likely to use physical punishment as parents of older children.7 Although, experts find difficulty in finding where they are to draw the line between disciple and abuse when examining this poll. Therefore, a further examination by a 1991 Gallup poll found that one in six Canadians (17 percent) exclaim that they have personal awareness of a serious instance of physical abuse of children by a parent. With this, another study was done that showed that about 37% took no action whatsoever to make efforts to intervene.8 These numbers show that abuse in Canada is  surely not a foreign concept, but seems to have made its home here. Although, there is more to understand when dealing with studies on abuse. Very little attention is given to the specific impact of child abuse on the children themselves. This research is crucial for two main reasons. Firstly, research has been showing that the temperament of infants has a profound effect on the interaction between the caretaker and infant.9 Further studying on these children would help to determine the characteristics in the infant that contribute the difficulties of the parents which leads their frustration to abuse. The second reason would be to examine more precisely the distorting on the infants development, and by how much these distortions can be treated by remedial measures.10 Nevertheless, studies have been done, showing that physical abuse has had effects. These can be seen through neurological damage, growth failures, and psychological damage. During a study conducted in 1974, a sample of abused children was examined for neurological damage. The study showed that 53% of the children pertained some level of neurological abnormality. In addition to this, a third of this 53 % children had a severe abnormality.11 This can surely be linked to physical assault to the head of the  child, but violent shaking leads to this as well. Nevertheless, the evidence from this study concluded that the nervous system of abused children can also be a risk from environmental and psychological stresses that the children are exposed to.12 These  neurological abnormalities can certainly be caused by living within an abusive environment. Studies have shown that children with immersion burns, pattern burns, head and internal injuries may point towards this sort of abuse, making these signs an indication for physical abuse.13 It is sad to say, but it is often the case that growth retardation accompanies child abuse. With the use of many studies, it is clear that poor physical growth and poor nutrition is found in about 25-35% of abused children.14 Continuing on growth failures, it is clear that children who are undernourished (being a form of abuse) and physically abused have a much poorer mental function.15 These statistics make sense because, during the growth of children, the brain and other vital organs are growing. So, if they are not met by proper nutrition or take multiple blows to the head, or receive aggressive shaking, then, logically, this statistic must make sense. Nevertheless, there are also signs of psychological damage when speaking of abuse done to children. Several studies done in the mid-1970s examined the behaviours of 50 children, 4 and a half years after they had been abused. These studies showed that over half of the children had poor self-concepts, they were sorrowful individuals, and they exhibited behaviours that made peers, parents, and teachers reject them.16 In fact, there were  nine characteristics that caused this. These characteristics are imparted capacity to relax/enjoy life, psychiatric symptoms (such as tantrums, hyperactivity, and bizarre behaviours0, low self-esteem, academic learning difficulties, withdrawal, opposition, hypervigilance, compulsivity, and pseudo nature behaviour.17 These figures are  staggering because it shows that abuse certainly has a long-term effect on children; not just in terms of growth issues or neurological damage (as said above), but even with how they behave and acts towards others. It seems that the issues that come out of abuse will be issues that they face for their lifetime. Emotional abuse is very interesting, because unlike physical abuse, you cannot see it or point it out as easily. This is why its interesting to see that abuse can and does take place in many different forms. Knowing this should keep the eyes of parents, teachers, and leaders in general peeled for these different forms of abuse. Luckily, there are signs for all sorts of abuse, even emotional. Although, its significant to note that even people who have normally healthy interactions with no display of physical or sexual violence can engage in emotionally abusive interactions form time to time.18 Moving forwards, infants who are not met with their sufficient level of emotional care are linked with an uninvolvement with their parents (through basic interactions). An effect of this emotional abuse is found in multiple things, such as their play time. The infants that are not met by their emotional needs are seen to be lacking in their persistent and creative qualities than of those infants who have their needs met; also, their play seems  to be disorganized compared to the other children.19   In addition, these children have  been found to have depressive qualities of listless metric retardation and lack of energy.20   Another test was done that composed of the mothers of the emotionally abused infants, and a complete stranger. Now, it would certainly be uncommon for an infant to react more positively towards a stranger than their mothers. Although, this was the case; about 20% of the responses towards the strangers was more positive than towards the mothers.21 With this study, 40% of children responded the same way  towards both the strangers and their mothers, while the last 40% of these children were clearly more positive towards their mothers.22 This study is very interesting for the fact  that it seems that the parents should be heartbroken. The fact that children who are not met by their emotional needs from their parents react more positive to strangers than towards their actual parents, seems to indicate that these children are just seeking an emotional bond from an older, more authoritative figure. Whether that is their parents or not, they desire to have that need met as a primary nee d; a need of top importance. Nevertheless, some of the children (40%) still react more positive to their parents rather than a stranger. Reading this sounds like as though these children are still giving their parents (specifically in this study, their mothers) another chance to be their primitive source of emotional care, rather than looking towards a stranger for that need to be met. Sexual abuse appears to be the one form of abuse that is least reported.   Emotional abuse or even physical abuse can be hard to detect, but sexual abuse may even be the hardest to detect for the fact that people do not like to confess what has been done to them. Firstly, it is important to understand what is sexual abuse can range from. Which can be from sexual exposure things (such as pornography from a young age) to the touching or fondling of another, or even sexual intercourse. Examples of this can be an adult showing his/her genitals to a child, an adult asking a child to undress, an adult touching the genitals of a child, asking a child to touch the genitals of the adult, forced masturbation,23 and the list goes on. Although, a fair question to ask is How can  most people get away with sexually abusing children? One of the main reasons is given by Hancock, when she says, As a child, you dont feel like you have any right to question what an adult is doing. Youre brought up to respect adults and think that they know what is best. I found myself sayin g, Well, I guess it must be O.K. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Hes a grown up.24 Its true. As children are brought up, they are taught to listen to their elders, and that older people are right because of their age and wisdom of life, which isnt always true. Nevertheless, people who have done through sexual abuse dont want to speak up about their troubling past experiences because they believe that Its nobody elses business, or that they undermine what occurred, or even because they dont want their parents to figure out because theres a sense of shame for what happened.25 Nevertheless, there are symptoms that can be seen for those who have been sexually abused as children. These symptoms can range from symptoms of PTSD and depression, drug abuse and alcoholism, suicidal thoughts and tendencies, underachievement at school and at work, and even issues with intimate relationships.26 Its helpful to have these symptoms because knowing and understanding them could change, or even save a life from broke nness. Sexual abuse is certainly more of an issue for women than it is for men, because even have a tendency of wanting to exercise a level of dominance over women, but it is important to know that men can and are sexually abused. In fact, a study done in 2003 showed that U.S. male adults, about 14.2% of them, were sexually abused before the age of 18.27 This shows that it isnt just  an issue with women, but also for men. Overall, abuse is a vague, yet common word seen manifest into actions in north America. Whether it is physical abuse, emotional abuse, or even sexual abuse, it is a common issue that seems to be getting more attention as studies are done on it. As seen, the outcomes of those who have been sexually abused must be taken seriously in order to show to other victims that they can speak up and receive justice for the acts that have been committed against them. Whether it is those who have been physical abusive by a parent or sexually abused by and uncle, all victims should feel safe and secure to open up to people who can work to find justice being done for those who have been robbed of their childhood, and even their lives. 1 John M. Drescher. Seven Things Children Need. (Scottdale, PA: Herald Press), 1976, 35. 2  Anne L. Horton. Abuse and religion: when praying isnt enough. (Lexington, Mass. u.a.:  Lexington Books), 1988, 18. 3 Ibid, 19. 4 Ibid, 19. 5 Ibid, 19. 6 Ibid, 19. 7 John Frederick, Conway. The Canadian family in crisis. (Toronto: J. Lorimer), 2003, 90. 8 Ibid, 90. 9 Neil Frude. Psychological approaches to child abuse. (Totowa: Rowman and Littlefield), 1981, 120. 10 Ibid, 120. 11 Ibid, 154. 12 Ibid, 155. 13Karel Kurst-Swanger, and Jacqueline L. Petcosky. Violence in the home: multidisciplinary perspectives. (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press), 2003, 65. 14 Neil Frude. Psychological approaches to child abuse. (Totowa: Rowman and Littlefield), 1981, 156. 15 Ibid, 156. 16 Ibid, 156. 17 Ibid, 157. 18 Karel Kurst-Swanger, and Jacqueline L. Petcosky. Violence in the home: multidisciplinary perspectives. (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press), 2003, 113. 19 Neil Frude. Psychological approaches to child abuse. (Totowa: Rowman and Littlefield), 1981,126. 20 Ibid, 126. 21 Ibid, 125. 22 Ibid, 125. 23 Maxine Hancock, and Karen Burton. Mains. Child sexual abuse: hope for healing. (Wheaton, IL: Harold Shaw Publishers), 1997, 6. 24 Ibid, 5. 25 SiteWizard. Lucy Faithfull Foundation. Child sexual abuse facts. Accessed March 24, 2017. https://www.parentsprotect.co.uk/quick_facts.htm, para 4. 26 The 1 in 6 Statistic. 1in6. January 1, 2017. Accessed March 24, 2017. http://1in6.org/the-1- in-6-statistic/? gclid=CjwKEAjwh9PGBRCfso2n3ODgvUcSJAAhpW5ouQSjBwcKyLP9OXyXNvkR4iuZVypisYN 9E6MePsf9oRoCOpPw_wcB, para 2. 27 Ibid, para 2. Bibliography Conway, John Frederick. The Canadian family in crisis. Toronto: J. Lorimer, 2003. Drescher, John M. Seven Things Children Need. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1976. Frude, Neil. Psychological approaches to child abuse. Totowa: Rowman and Littlefield, 1981. Hancock, Maxine, and Karen Burton. Mains. Child sexual abuse: hope for healing. Wheaton, IL: Harold Shaw Publishers, 1997. Horton, Anne L. Abuse and religion: when praying isnt enough. Lexington, Mass. u.a.: Lexington Books, 1988. Kurst-Swanger, Karel, and Jacqueline L. Petcosky. Violence in the home: multidisciplinary perspectives. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2003. SiteWizard. Lucy Faithfull Foundation. Child sexual abuse facts. Accessed March 24, 2017. https://www.parentsprotect.co.uk/quick_facts.htm. The 1 in 6 Statistic. 1in6. January 1, 2017. Accessed March 24, 2017. http://1in6.org/the-1-in-6-statistic/?gclid=CjwKEAjwh9PGBRCfso2n3ODgvUcSJAAhpW5ouQSjBwcKyLP9OXyXNvkR4iuZ VypisYN9E6MePsf9oRoCOpPw_wcB.

Luncheon At The Morning Glory Cafe :: Personal Narrative Technology Essays

Luncheon At The Morning Glory Cafe After I was given an assignment to research any issue involving the digital media, I began to investigate the controversy about whether copying and downloading information or music off the Internet was legal; and if it was not legal, what are the current regulations. The paper begins with a story that stages a meeting of all the researchers who had previously never met before. The purpose of the story is to familiarize the reader with the information. The next portion of the paper is analyzing the sources, with the last section discussing how I felt after the research and why. The Morning Glory Cafà © would be open soon. I slipped on my sandals and grabbed my keys. Soon I was cruising down the road in my yellow Beetle, singing at the top of my lungs to the Dixie Chicks. I had plans to meet some very important people at the cafe for lunch and I was speeding off to meet them. Working for the online periodical eCheck allowed me to meet interesting people and go to exciting places. Today I was not going anywhere out of the ordinary, just the coffee house I frequently visit. However, I would be meeting five authors there who had each done extensive research on the digital issues computers. ECheck publishes articles about those issues that affect today’s society and the people influenced by them. I had been assigned the issue of copyright laws and the legality of downloading music. The information I would receive today would be first hand knowledge, excellent for my article. I couldn’t be more excited about this opportunity. Upon my arrival, I realized that I was not the last to show. Eric Boehlert strolled in moments behind me, appearing as though he had just rolled out of bed. His dark hair was tousled; his shirt wrinkled and not tucked in. He was laid back and smart, but from what I had heard, he was also absent minded. Despite his forgetfulness, Eric is an excellent writer for Salon, the online periodical he works for. Salon writes about every subject from politics to art and music. He has good insight into the world of controversial ideas, bringing out points that were not usually expanded upon.

Peruvian Andean Women

This research will focus on the Andean woman of Peru in the sixteen century. First, I will explore the role that the woman played in the Inca society. Secondly, I will reflect on the impact the Spanish invasion had on the role woman played in her kinship, in the household, in religion and in relation with productive activities and politics. Later on, I will discuss the contradictory perceptions of the Andean woman as a victim and as a skilful negotiator. Furthermore, I will focus on change and continuation of the roles that women played in society. The impact of the changes in the demography of Andean communities and all over the Inca empire, the labour division and degradation of the status that women played in society in contrast with the relationship between Spanish men and Indigenous women and its repercussions in the society. Peruvian Andean Woman Before the arrival of Spaniards onto Peruvian soil, Andean woman enjoyed a respected position in the Inca society and was an active collaborator and participant of the political, religious and economic life of the Inca Empire. Silverblatt (1978); presents different elements to show the parallel role of woman and man in Inca societies, like the structure of kinships, she noticed that women were entitled to inherit lands following her maternal line and men through their paternal line. She also observes that the authority in the kinship was not related to gender but to birth order. She continues focusing on the active role of women in the economy and their labor roles; specializing as weavers, brewers, traders and agronomists. A reference to a plead to Carlos V of Spain, requesting protection for indigenous women from Spaniard’s abuses, stresses the importance of women’s work as essential to household labor and complementary to men’s. Karen Viera Powers (2000) noticed the clash between Spanish and native understanding of gender relations, gender roles and sexuality. She puts special emphasis in gender parallelism and complementary roles of men and women, acknowledging that women and men performed different social, political and economic roles; but that these where perceived as equally mportant and that their contributions were valued in the same manner. Powers argues that marriage was not a form of subordination but that â€Å"the Andean ceremony clearly symbolized a union of equals through a ritual gift exchange between husband and wife and between their families that was intended to create balance and harmony between peers. † The Spanish could not understand the way in which t he Inca Empire worked, the Spanish failed to comprehend the reciprocity, parallel and complementary activities performed in the community and impacted a well organized system forever. The role of women in pregnancy, childbirth and childcare was associated with fertility and considered significant to the subsistence and survival of the community. Every year the communities in the Inca empire were inspected by the Inca officials whom had the task to chose the most beautiful virgins to become wives of the Inca. The virgins called acllas, that means chosen in Quechua, were secluded in special institutions to guard their sexuality. These women were expert weavers that produced fine cloths that were used in religious ceremonies or given as gifts to Inca’s allies. Some were taken by the Inca as second wives or married to Inca nobles or to rulers of conquered territories to seal alliances. Polygamy and exogamy for political purposes was very common among the elite members of the Inca Empire. When the Spanish arrived, the Incas tried to consolidate alliances with them through offering women in marriage. In the words of Karen Viera Powers: The Inca’s assignment of beautiful young women to be wives to his allies, not only created intra-elite and interethnic bonds through a reward system, but also produced a sophisticated, hybrid political system. The role of the women in the colonial society has been studied with prejudice towards women. Elinor Burkett (1978) condemns authors who have written with prejudice towards women and presents a different approach focusing on â€Å"indigenous society by considering tribute as a household rather than an individual obligation. † Men and women worked as a team, as did the whole family. Indeed men and women even shared some professions. Karen Graubart (2000) explains this by citing the chronicles of Fray Bernabe Cobo: The Indian women spin not only at home, but when they go outside, whether they are sanding in one place or walking. As long as they are not doing something else with their hands, walking does not interfere with their spinning, which is what most of them are doing when we meet them on the streets†¦. Although women are the ones who generally practice this occupation as their own, nevertheless, in some places the men consider it to be their own also. After making the thread, it is doubled and twisted; they never weave with single threads. The same women twist it in the same way as they spin it, and some of the men will generally help in this, especially the old men who are not able to do other work. Karen Graubert (2000) argues that the chronicles are bias identifying the work performed by Andean women as proper: when they weave, make chicha (corn beer), cook and undertake other type of agricultural work. When the Andean men produced textiles they were considered as artisans. While both, men and women were producing a garment to be paid as tribute for the state and religion, these activities were identified and constructed as distinct. Graubert observed a more detailed description of the works performed by women in the writings of Pedro Cieza de Leon, when he says: These women are hard workers: because they are the ones who break the ground, and sow the fields, and reap the harvests. And many of their husbands are in the house weaving and spinning and repairing their weapons and clothing, and†¦ doing other female activities. The Spanish had an ethnocentric view of how society, gender relations and religion were supposed to be. They imposed their political models onto Andean societies and destroyed the organization of the Inca society. Women were removed from their former positions of authority, and the society was transformed into a male-centric society where women had to depend on men for formal representation. Under Spanish rule, the Inca noblewomen were not allowed to attend to new schools, only indigenous men were allowed into the educative system set up by friars to educate the native elite. The Inca Queens of the Andes lost her status. Her role as the axis of the female political system was eliminated. The Spanish faith excluded women of all participation in religious practices and women were forbidden to perform former roles of midwife, healer and confessor. Although, despite all the efforts of the Spanish to convert Indians and introduced them to Christianity, Indians found ways to hold onto their beliefs and to continue their ancestral practices. According to Irene Silverblatt (1978): Among the archival material there is a legal suit which documents a cult to â€Å"Woman Moon,† a goddess venerated by women from several neighbouring communities. This feminine cult crossed community boundaries, articulating women from different kin groups in an organization centred around the worship of the moon. The Spanish, influenced by 800 years of war with the Moors, viewed the world under patriarchal eyes and condemned these practices. The transformation of the Inca society took place through Catholic syncretism; Andeans understood the new religion through their religious believes, associating the image of Mary and female saints with the moon and mother earth. Spanish priests did not rest emphasising the importance of virginity and introduced legal codes that defined extramarital sex as criminal (Powers, 2000). The new Spanish system to forced labor, created changes in the role of women but also impacted the demography of the communities all over the Inca Empire. An example of this is found in the work of Bianca Premo; she observed an imbalanced population in the Chucuito census, imbalance that she attributes to a â€Å"combination of deception and real absence† of men: Almost 45 percent of adult women were said to be unmarried†¦ The total number of unmarried adults in the province seems higher than might be expected in communities where land rights were linked to marriage and where marriage amounted adulthood. The way in which the Spanish used, abused and transformed the organisation of the tributary Inca system and its networks and lines of kinship have resulted in impoverishment and isolation of Andean regions. While in the Inca tributary system, the government taxed only men and women who were married, during the Spanish rule the taxes were imposed on men, women and widows. While the Andean male population was being depleted in the mines and through infections and diseases, the Spanish populations grew due to immigration and higher birth rates (Powers, 2000). In 1618, legislation was enacted requiring women to stay in the villages, even if their husbands were absent or had disappeared. As Premo (2000) observed, the labor in mines, especially in the case of Potosi, left the community of Chicuito and other nearby communities without the support of men; single women and widows were paying tribute by weaving textiles, with the aid of young children. Premo cited a local leader reporting: The whole community is working for the benefit of the tribute and it is impossible to pay in silver more than we already are neither women nor the old nor the children can contribute more. In a community called Juli, Jesuits priests were accused to have had women locked up, sewing day and night. Another example of exploitation of the women labor is found in a reference to a letter dated on 1672, where Viceroy Conde de Lemos is quoted: In these already dissipated provinces, the judges from Potosi take these Indians, leaving the land uncultivated and the women and children without anything to eat. In contrast to views that the women were exploited and abused by the Spanish, we also have the accounts of Elinor Burkett; she recompiled information about Andean women working in household as domestics, inheriting from Spanish people, sewing and engaged in small trading; while men were isolated in mining work, construction and agriculture. According to Burkett, the proximity of Andean women to Spanish men, Spanish women and Spanish families put her in a privilege position than the Andean men; she learnt the language, customs and ways of the Spanish. Burkett (1978), examining records of Potosi, finds Indian women selling pastry, candy, silver items, groceries, bread, preparing food and selling other goods and concludes that the Andean women is depicted as a strong, wilful woman, either Indian or mestiza, aggressive economically and socially. Conclusions After a thorough research of the role of the Peruvian women in the sixteen century, I have observed the great challenges that Peruvian women had encountered during that period, from having a religion an identity related to beauty, reproduction and in some cases chosen as priests, they were not only forced into a new belief system but also forbidden to practice their religious rituals. Their Inca queens also lost any trace of royalty and became mistresses. Their man, partner and parallel was taken by the new government and forced to labor. From being an integral part of the kin, women became workers, in many cases they were enslaved, chained, raped and treated like the last rung in the ladder of society. Nevertheless, the Peruvian women, went to the mines looking for their partners, to the point that Spain had to edict legislation to stop them. The Andean women, adjusted to the changes, she wove when she had to weave, but she also looked for other opportunities, migrated, sold cloths, became a trader, worked in Spanish household and also learnt the language. Nowadays, Peruvian indigenous women have just as much a central role within a household as 500 years ago; they are often the primary caregivers of family and kinship and continue to play a vital role in the Peruvian society.